Story of An Hour †English Composition Essay

Story of An Hour – English Composition Essay Free Online Research Papers Story of An Hour English Composition Essay An unknown author once said, †Dont cry because it’s over, and smile because it happened†. This is how Mrs. Mallard looked upon the news of her husband’s death. She did not cry, but rejoiced at her newfound freedom. This was her chance to redo her life and move on. In the short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, Mrs. Mallard gets the news of her husband’s death in a train accident. There is a pattern in the story of Mrs. Mallards new freedom around her and coming out from the darkness. The imagery in the story describes the vivid picture of an open window and peaks of blue sky to help her realize the potential in this situation. She weeps at first, feeling alone and dark in her house but realizes that this occurrence has given her the freedom she strives for. She moves from the house that is holding her back to a new life. Mrs. Mallard lives in a dull, gray house, which has its comforts but does not satisfy her needs. After hearing of her husband’s death, â€Å"she went away to her room alone. She would have no one to follow her† (45). Her view of the world had changed; she now had a â€Å"dull stare in her eyes† (46). She was trapped in a room slowly encapsulating her. In the room there was only on thing to give her comfort was a â€Å"comfortable, roomy armchair† which faced an open window, a window that would be her escape. Everything seemed to be going wrong until something came to her. â€Å"She felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. This line, full of imagery, is extremely important because after this point Mrs. Mallard realizes her life has begun again. The symbols and images used by Kate Chopin to give the reader a sense of Mrs. Mallard’s new life appearing before her, come through her view of the open window. Mrs. Mallard could see â€Å"the tops of trees that were all aquiver with new spring life [and†¦] The delicious breath of rain was in the air† (45). She could hear â€Å"the notes of a distant song which someone was singing† (45). And â€Å"there were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds† (45). The imagery of blossoming spring life in Chopin’s story is a sign of Mrs. Mallard’s new life as well. She was trapped in darkness all alone but an open window brought her her new sense of freedom. Mrs. Mallard felt overwhelmed by her day’s happenings until she felt a rush come upon her. â€Å"When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped through her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free!’† (46). She felt overjoyed all of a sudden about the news of her husband’s death. â€Å"Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body† (46). She realizes that this event is her chances to get away and live her life the way she wants to. It is not that she did not love her husband it is that â€Å"she loved him – sometimes† (47). Kate Chopin uses these images to show Mrs. Mallard’s surroundings as one with her feelings. Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and alone in her room until she realizes the true potential of what has happened through the open window that showed her the world outside her dull, gray life. â€Å"She was drinking the very elixir of life through that open window† (47). Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour†. The Seagull Reader: Stories. Ed. Joseph Kelly. New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc, 2001. 45 – 47. â€Å"Quotes of the Heart: Life Quotes and Proverbs†. HeartMath. 10 Apr 2005. Research Papers on Story of An Hour - English Composition EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Battle of Coochs Bridge in the American Revolution

Battle of Cooch's Bridge in the American Revolution Battle of Coochs Bridge - Conflict Date: The Battle of Coochs Bridge was fought September 3, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Battle of Coochs Bridge - Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonBrigadier General William Maxwell450 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisLieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb293 men Battle of Coochs Bridge - Background: Having captured New York in 1776, British campaign plans for the following year called for Major General John Burgoynes army to advance south from Canada with the goal of capturing the Hudson Valley and severing New England from the rest of the American colonies.   In commencing his operations, Burgoyne hoped that General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander in North America, would march north from New York City to support the campaign.   Uninterested in advancing up the Hudson, Howe instead set his sights on taking the American capital at Philadelphia.   To do so, he planned to embark the bulk of his army and sail south. Working with his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, Howe initially hoped to ascend the Delaware River and land below Philadelphia.   An assessment of the river forts in the Delaware deterred the Howes from this line of approach and they instead decided to sail further south before moving up the Chesapeake Bay.   Putting to sea in late July, the British were hampered by poor weather.   Though aware of Howes departure from New York, the American commander, General George Washington, remained in the dark regarding the enemys intentions.   Receiving sighting reports from along the coast, he increasingly determined that the target was Philadelphia.   As a result, he began moving his army south in late August.   Battle of Coochs Bridge - Coming Ashore: Moving up the Chesapeake Bay, Howe started landing his army at Head of Elk on August 25.   Moving inland, the British began concentrating their forces before beginning the march northeast toward Philadelphia.   Having encamped at Wilmington, DE, Washington, along with Major General Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette, rode southwest on August 26 and reconnoitered the British from atop Iron Hill.   Assessing the situation, Lafayette recommended employing a force of light infantry to disrupt the British advance and give Washington time to choose suitable ground for blocking Howes army.   This duty normally would have fallen to Colonel Daniel Morgans riflemen, but this force had been sent north to reinforce Major General Horatio Gates who was opposing Burgoyne.   As a result, a new command of 1,100 handpicked men was quickly assembled under the leadership of Brigadier General William Maxwell. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Moving to Contact: On the morning of September 2, Howe directed Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to depart Cecil County Court House with the right wing of the army and move east toward Aikens Tavern.   This march was slowed by poor roads and foul weather.   The next day, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis was ordered to break camp at Head of Elk and join Knyphausen at the tavern.   Advancing east over different roads, Howe and Cornwallis reached Aikens Tavern ahead of the delayed Hessian general and elected to turn north without waiting for the planned rendezvous.   To the north, Maxwell had positioned his force south of Coochs Bridge which spanned the Christina River as well as sent a light infantry company south to set an ambush along the road. Battle of Coochs Bridge - A Sharp Fight: Riding north, Cornwallis advance guard, which was comprised of a company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald, fell into Maxwells trap.   Springing the ambush, the American light infantry broke up the Hessian column and Ewald retreated to obtain aid from Hessian and Ansbach jgers in Cornwallis command.   Advancing,  jgers led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb engaged the Maxwells men in a running fight north.   Deploying in a line with artillery support, Wurmbs men attempted to pin the Americans in place with bayonet charge in the center while sending a force to turn Maxwells flank.   Recognizing the danger, Maxwell continued to slowly retreat north towards the bridge (Map). Reaching Coochs Bridge, the Americans formed to make a stand on the east bank of the river.   Increasingly pressed by Wurmbs men, Maxwell retreated across the span to a new position on the west bank.   Breaking off the fight, the  jgers occupied nearby Iron Hill.   In an effort to take the bridge, a battalion of British light infantry crossed the river downstream and began moving north.   This effort was badly slowed by swampy terrain.   When this force finally arrived, it, along with the threat posed by Wurmbs command, compelled Maxwell to depart the field and retreat back to Washingtons camp outside Wilmington, DE. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Coochs Bridge are not known with certainty but are estimated at 20 killed and 20 wounded for Maxwell and 3-30 killed and 20-30 wounded for Cornwallis.   As Maxwell moved north, Howes army continued to be harassed by American militia forces.   That evening, Delaware militia, led by Caesar Rodney, struck the British near Aikens Tavern in a hit-and-run attack.   Over the next week, Washington marched north with the intention of blocking Howes advance near Chadds Ford, PA.   Taking a position behind the Brandywine River, he was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11.   In the days after the battle, Howe succeeded in occupying Philadelphia.   An American counterattack on October 4 was turned back at the Battle of Germantown.   The campaign season ended later that fall with Washingtons army going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.            Selected Sources DAR: Battle of Coochs BridgePHAA: Battle of Coochs BridgeHMDB: Battle of Coochs Bridge

Medical Technology Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Technology Assessment - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that technology assessment is the evaluation of emerging and existing technology trends to substantiate their existence in the world today. It seeks to identify the relevance of these technologies, and the role they play in the economic stability of organisations and the world at large. Furthermore, it is widely believed that scientists are not trained ethics as such whatever innovation they create should be assessed for any ethical concern. Technology assessment is viewed as interdisciplinary and capable of identifying and solving a wide range of technology based problems. An important concern, addressed by technology assessment is the collingridge dilemma. This is the situation where impacts of a new technology cannot be easily predicted unless the technology is fully developed and used. Yet on the other hand, it is absolutely difficult to change or control technology once it is widely used.This report stresses that  the Cleveland clinic is an academic medical centre that has seen a tremendous growth over the years since its inception. It has a designated research laboratory, the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research institute that is characterised by high technological advancements.  A quick look at the operations within and without this medical facility reveals a heavy reliance on technology and information systems.  This is a specialised type of technology assessment that informs management and relevant medical policy makers of the efficacy of medical systems.   The main purpose of health technology assessment is to obtain ground for decision making with regards to application of technology within the healthcare system (Healthcare, 2009). These decisions should be made systematically with adequate and well documented information so as to leave little or no margin for error. Laboratory metal on metal hip resurfacing technology This medical procedure involves the replacement of the surface of the femoral head with an artificially made metal hemisphere that fits into a metal acetabula cup (Healthcare, 2009). This technology initially designed by an orthopaedic surgeon in Birmingham conserves and maintains most parts

The Co-operative Group (Food,Funeralcare,Banking group, Essay

The Co-operative Group (Food,Funeralcare,Banking group, Pharmacy,Travel) - Essay Example Marketers have started to make different market segments for ensuring an easy access to their target customers. It ensures proper delivering of the products as demanded by the target customers (Wedel & et. al., 2000). Source: (Gelb Consulting Group, n.d.) In relation to the study of market segmentation, The Co-operative Group Ltd has been chosen to demonstrate the features, failures and overcoming of the failures in different market segmentation in terms of this company. The Co-operative Group Ltd is a consumer cooperative based company headquartered in the United Kingdom with having its diverse retain chains including business relating to food, funeral care, banking group, pharmacy and travel. There are many cooperative businesses in the world. Among them The Co-operative Group is one of the largest. It is the biggest mutual business of the United Kingdom. It has been operating with more than 4800 retail outlets and it also employs above 100,000 individuals in its chain organisation . Its annual turnover in over 13billion Pounds a year. It is a kind of consumer cooperative (Co-operative Group Limited, n.d.). ... The reason behind this is that marketing strategies made for a group completely differ by its accessibility to another group. Target markets are actually quantifiable through factors related to their income, age bracket and population. Characteristics should be recognisable in a well defined manner and in measurable format. Substantial indicates that the segment should be large enough to stand as a group and also large enough to become profitable (Gelb Consulting Group, n.d.). 2.0 Features of Segmentation Market segmentation plays a very crucial role for formulating marketing strategy of a majority of successful organisations. Contextually, all markets embrace a different kind of groups of people with different needs along with preferences (Lamb & et. al., 2008). It helps the marketer to define the marketing objectives more accurately. In addition to this, better allocation of resources also should be there. On the other side, performance of the market can be evaluated more preciousl y when the marketers have the precise objectives for the specific segment of markets. Each and every firm cannot serve its potential customers in the same way as it does not have abundant resources (Blyth & Zimmerman, 2005). 2.1 Defining the Target Market Market is a very complex phenomenon from the viewpoint of a company. It constitutes different sets of consumers, leads to different tastes and demands for different products. Thus, from a company perspective, it is quite tough to position products to a specific market as the demand for that particular is distinct with reference to a varied set of consumers. Market segmentation techniques help an organisation to differentiate a market into different target

September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Americans’ Preparedness for Disaster Essay Example for Free

September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Americans’ Preparedness for Disaster Essay The September 11, 2001 terrorist strikes on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center were arguably the heaviest attacks on the U.S. soil since the Pearl Harbor attack by the Japanese in 1941. The attacks, masterminded from one of the poorest countries in the world, shook the core of the world richest and most powerful nation. Many Americans still believe that the colossal intelligence machinery failed to intercept the hits, even when it had sufficient evidence that an attack was looming (Betts, 2008). The U. S. intelligence community missed or chose to overlook some of the strongest indicators of the imminent attack. Some of the pilots who launched the attacks trained in the U.S. In June, 2001, a detective observed that flight schools in Arizona were populated by an â€Å"inordinate number of individuals of investigative interest† (Betts, 2008). Having learnt earlier that the Al-Qaeda was planning to launch â€Å"plane operations,† the FBI missed to connect the imminent operations and the suspect flying students (National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States, 2004). The former students were part of the 9/11 strike team (Marquise, 2008). One of the plotters of the 9/11 strikes, Ramzi Yousef (a Pakistani) had been arrested in the Philippines where he planned to down 11 airliners in 1995. He escaped and fled to Pakistan. His partner told the police that he planned to ram a plane into the CIA headquarters. Yousef was nephew to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who plotted the plane attacks in the Philippines and later masterminded the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. intelligence was aware of an Al Qaeda operation in the offing after surveilling a meeting of Al-Qaeda bigwigs in Malaysia in January 2000. According to Marquise (2008), the intelligence did not share the information with the law enforcement agencies to tighten surveillance within the US and at the entry points. The US would have pre-empted the attack if it had acted promptly and conclusively on the â€Å"Phoenix memo† which was written by the agent who noted the suspicious persons attending flying lessons in Arizona (Betts, 2008). In the memo, the agent raised concern that Osama bin Laden was likely to be planning an attack. He recommended that the FBI investigate the flight students. Investigators only paid attention to the memo after the attack. The attackers who trained in the US entered the country legally, and were granted tourist visas. Even as they entered the country however, custom officers noted anomalies with their applications but went ahead to allow them in. In June 2001, Saeed al Ghamdi entered the US with only $500, a one-way ticket and no address on the I-94 form. Investigations showed that six of the hijackers had contravened immigration laws during their months of stay yet none had been arrested. The Immigration Department could therefore have averted the attacks had its agents detected the overstays and violations of student status (National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States, n.d). There is no evidence of either Washington D.C. or New York having employed a hazard or vulnerability analysis to plan for a disaster of the kind and magnitude of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. While the authorities of both cities were not in a strong position to avert the attacks, their reaction in the time following the strikes was catastrophic. Besides the people who were killed by the crashes, hundreds of responders succumbed to illness as a result of exposure to the atmospheric conditions occasioned by the explosions. The responders worked in an asbestos-contaminated environment yet they worked without respirators (Levin, S. et al., 2004). Residents of Lower Manhattan were assured that the â€Å"air was safe† yet tens of thousands perished after contact with the toxic fumes later (Mason, 2007). New York and Washington D.C authorities were unwilling to admit their unpreparedness and were quick to declare the air and water safe while it was not. References Betts, R. (2008). Two Faces of Intelligence Failure: September 11 and Iraq’s Missing WMD. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 122, No. 4. Levin, S., Herbert, R., Moline, J., Todd, A., Stevenson, L., Landsbergis, P., Jiang, W., Skloot, G., Baron, S. Enright, P. (2004). Physical Health Status of World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers and Volunteers- New York City, July 2002 – August 2004. Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 292 Issue 15. Marquise, R. (2004). Terrorism Threat Indicators. The Counter Terrorist. Mason, M. (2007). The 9/11 Cover-Up. Discover, Vol. 28, Issue 10. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report. New York.

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist :: essays research papers

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First World War was a horrible experience for all sides involved, no one was immune to the effects of this global conflict, and each country was changed in many ways. Erich Maria Remarque was drafted into World War I at age 18. In 1929 Remarque’s first book All Quiet on the Western Front was published. Throughout the book, the death and destruction caused by battle is clearly shown. Remarque's novel is a statement against war, focusing dramatically on the extreme effects of war on the humanity of soldiers. Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erich Paul Remark was born on June 22, 1898 In Western Germany. In 1913 Remark began to attend a teachers college called Osnabruck’s Lehrerseminar. During his third year when he was eighteen he was drafted into the war. After finishing basic training in the war he was assigned to a reserve battalion. His mother became very ill, so he was often allowed to visit her. In June 1917 he was reassigned to a trench unit. Remark was soon injured by grenade splinters and rushed to St. Vincenz hospital in Duisburg during 1917-1918. His mother died while he was in the hospital. After a year in the hospital he returned to Osnabruck for further training. The war had ended before Witt 2 he returned to active duty. After the war he changed his middle name to Maria after his mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remark went back to college after the war. He graduated and started his two-year substitute training in 1919. Finally he got bored teaching, and did different odd jobs such as, playing organ on Sundays at an insane asylum, working for a tombstone firm, working as a small town drama critic, and racing sports cars. In 1920 he published a novel that was so bad he changed the spelling of his last name to Remarque. His book All Quiet on the Western Front was published in 1929 and Remarque â€Å"became a spokesman of a generation that was destroyed by war†-Kirjas. Many people loved the book, and according to New York Times, All Quiet was â€Å"one of the best-known anti-war novels ever, which decepted the horrors of war from the point of view of the ordinary soldiers†. In 1930 the Nazis banned his books and burned them at the famous book burning in 1933; Remarque later stated, â€Å"I was only misunderstood where people went out of their way to misunderst and me†.

Promote and implement health and safety Essay

Promote and implement health and safety in health and social care (HSC 037) Outcome 1 : Understand own responsibilities, and the responsibilities of others, relating to health and safety 1. identify legislation relating to health and safety in a health or social care work setting The settings in which we are likely to provide support are generally covered by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ( HASAWA ). This Act is like the overall â€Å"umbrella† that has been updated and supplemented by all the regulations and guidelines which extent it, support it or explain it. Health and Safety at Work Act: Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 ( as amended 2002 ); Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 ( COSHH ); Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 ( RIDDOR ) ( amended 2008); Health and Safety First Aid Regulations 1981; Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. Read more: Analyse factors that tend to trigger own stress essay 2. explain the main points of health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the main piece of legislation that covers related health and safety in England. It is everyone, no matter what their job role is, within the organisation has a responsibility to ensuring the health and safety of each other while at work. It is also the employee’s duty to take care for themselfves and of other persons who may be affected and time to read the risk assessment reports and follow any changes that have been made. All staff should follow the changes that have been made. Things such as manual handling, be sure that we move and handle object and inviduals safely; fire/evacuation policy, be sure that we know our organisation fire /evacuation policy and procedure and the location of fire exits and fire equipment and how to call for help; risk assessment, understand the risk to each activity that we undertake and assess the risk regulary if there is any improvement or not; waste disposal policy, understand the colour of the general waste and clinical, the type of sharp boxes with differrent colour; infection control, we need to know the policies that are designed to prevent the spresd of infection, such as washing your hands between each patient and side rooms, where can have an infection with mrsa, cddif so we have to wash before entrering the room and after, aswell hearing a yellow appron. 3. Analyse the main health and safety responsibilities of: †¢ self, to take care of our own health and safety; if possible, avoid wearing jewellery, such as necklace, that can be stuck in some equipment; if you have long hair or wear a headscarf, to make sure it is tied up; making sure that we get proper training and that we understand and follow the company ´s health and safety policies; to report any injuries, strains or illnesses we suffer as a result of doing our job; tell our employer if something happens that might affect our ability to work. †¢ the employer or manager, have to make the workplace safe; prevent risks to health; ensure that equipment is safe to use, and that safe working practices are set up and followed; make sure that all materials are handled, stored and used safety; provide adequate first aid facilities; tell us about any potential hazards from the work we do, chemicals and other substances used by the organisation, and give us information, instructions, training and supervision as needed; set up emergenc y plans; make sure that temperature, lighting and tolitel, washing facilities all are adequate in health and safety; check if the right work equipment is provided and properly used and regulary maintained; avoid potentially dangerous work involving manual handling and, if it cannot be avoided, take precautions to reduce the risk of injury; report certain accidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurances to eitheir the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). †¢ others in the work setting, other employees in the work place have the same role as us. They should use all PPE made available to them. They should be responsible for their own health and safety, in accordance to the policies, as well the patients and other employees around them and they should report any concernes to reduce the risk to the patients. 4. identify specific tasks in the work setting that should not be carried out without special training. Manual handling equipment, such as sliding sheets, hoists,mobility aids, need to be carried out by people who have had a training to do it. Employers are obliged to provide training in manual handling. Traning it is important to be up to date, for new techniques and equipment. Moving patients without proper training is dangerous for both of us. We will also need training for specific equipment, for example, arjo hoist and oxford hoist is to be used in workplace, no one will be able to operate it without training. When we have to move a patient out of bed and get him in the armchair, so we have a look on the risk assessment manual & handling form how to mobile, it is  written need to use a arjo hoist. To use a hoist we have to have a training how to use it and how to know which sling we should use. A patient weigh 60 kg, so we check the different colors of the slings and we should use the yellow sling, so now we can hoist the patient on the armchair. So for that we need a manual handling training update. Outcome 2: Be able to carry out own responsibilities for health and safety 1. use policies and procedures or other agreed ways of working that relate to health and safety Health and Safety policies set out the arrangements thta a workplace has for complying with legislation. Health and Safety procedures decribes the activities that need to be carried out our work in line with the policies and procedures laid down by your employer. There is no point having policies and procedures if they are not followed. We must be clear about the areas thatt are our responsibility. 2. support others to understand and follow safe practices Supporting people to take steps about their own safety. It is important that we recognise that people you are supporting need to be able to ensure their own health and well-being as far as possible. To support this, we should encourage and assist people to: talk about the stepd they would prefer to take in relation to health and safety; understand and take responsibility for promoting their own health and care; assess and manage risks to their health and well-being; identify and report any factors that may put themselves or others at risk. It is very difficult if we are the only person in your worplace following good practice. We may able to encourage others by: always showing a good example; explaining why we are following procedures; getting some health and safety leaflets from our trade union or environmental health office and leaving them in the staffroom for people to see; bringing in any imformation about training; asking our manager if they can arrange a talk on health and safety. 3. monitor and report potential health and safety risks We are have a responsability with our employer for the safety of all the peolple who use our service. This means that we need to be alert alll the time- risks and hazards are constantly changing and we need to make sute that we are aware of these canges. Juat because we checked something six  months ago, do not assume that it is still working well; a hoist that worked few days ago may not work today. We need to be aware of and monitor the following types of hazards regulary. Reporting risks to our manager or 6000 is important , even after a risk assessment and control measures. We should report hazards that are beyond our role and competence, such as: faulty equipment; loose or damaged fittings; damage or faulty aids-for exemplo, bed brakes, bed controlers, hoists. As well as our responsibility to report risks and hazards to our employer, all employers have to report certain events to the Health and Safety Executive or environmental health department. 4. use risk assessment in rela tion to health and safety Risk assessment in health and social care is important for everyone whether they are employers, self-employed or employees, who are required by law to identify and assess risks in the workplace. This includes any situations where potential harm may be caused. There are many regulations that require risks to be assessed and some are covered by European Community directives. These include: Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999; Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992; Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992; Health and Safety ( Display Screen Equipment ) Regulation 1992; Noise at Work Regulation 1989; Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH); Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002; Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 state that employers have to assess any risks which are associated with the workplace and work activities. Risk assessments are vitally important in order to protect the health and safety of both of us and the people we support. We should always check that a risk assessment has been carried out before we undertake any task, and then follow the steps identified in the assessment in order to reduce the risk. 5. demonstrate ways to minimise potential risks and hazards Done. assess at work. 6. access additional support or information relating to health and safety. Outcome 3: Understand procedures for responding to accidents and sudden illness 1. describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting We may be involved with any of different types  of accidents and sudden illness at the hospital, we can occur with patients wandering around the ward, who has dementia, they can trip over with their clothes, getting tired to walk around and can have a fall, they can have aggressive behaviours towards to the staff who trying to help them. Patient walking with mobility aids, frame, to the toilet with assistance from a member of staff and carried a oxygen bottle(small). Can occur a sudden illness of strength using a toilet and having a loss of consciousness. Can occur loose stool with offensive smell and type 5/6/7 when a patient been treated with antibiotics due to any infection they had such a UTI or a chest infection. 2. explain procedu res to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur. When accidents or sudden illness happen we call for help, cases of a fall, if the patient follow commands, they can stand using a chair or a bed, bending their knee and stand with our help, in case of a patients can ´t stand, we use the hoist, after that we check their skin, asking if they have any pain and do a set of observation and bleep the doctor. Loss of consciousness happen from a strength, call for help, pulling the emergency alarm, quick and bring him back to bed, increase the oxygen, set of observations and bleep the doctor. If we have a patients with C. Difficile infection is a type of bacterial infection that can affect the digestive system. It most commonly affects people who have been treated with antibiotics, they should be in the side room. The procedure to be followed when a patient has loose stool type 5/6/7, a stool speciment should be sent for c.diff and mrsa check, when we know the result of the speciment and it is c.diff, isolate the patient if a side room is available or barrier nurse in the bay with a trolley with gloves, yellow apron and a sign with a date of commence of the diarrhea and tick the boxes what the visitors should do and give to the patient a leaflet of information regarding the infection they have. C. difficile bacteria spread very easily can usually be prevented by practising good hygiene such as washing hands regularly and cleaning surfaces using products containing bleach. Visitors/staff can reduce the risk of spreading infection by washing your hands before and after entering the bed space. Alcohol hand gel is not effective against C. difficile spores, so the use of soap and water is essential. Outcome 4: Be able to reduce the spread of infection 1. explain own role in supporting others to follow practices that reduce the spread of infection My role in supporting others is to follow practices that reduce the spread of infection by always ensuring I wear the correct ppe, wash my hands frequently, and dispose of contaminated waste in the yellow bins provided. Make sure all the equipment is clean before use and after use. My role in supporting others to preventing C. difficile infections is advising visitors, if they are visiting a patient in hospital who has diarrhea or a stomach upset, to try to avoid taking any children under the age of 12 with them. They should also, wash their hands with soap and water when entering and leaving ward areas, side rooms. Avoid coming to hospital if they are feeling unwell or have recently had diarrhoea. Observe visiting hours and all visiting guidelines. Healthcare workers should wear disposable gloves and aprons when caring for anyone who has a C. difficile infection. Whenever possible, people who are infected with C. difficile should have their own room and toilet facilities to avoid passing the infection on to others. Staff, patients and visitors should be encouraged to wash their hands regularly and thoroughly. Alcohol hand gel is not effective against C. difficile spores, so the use of soap and water is essential. Surfaces that may have come into contact with the bacteria or spores, such as toilets, the floor around toilets, bedpans and beds, should also be cleaned thoroughly with water and a cleaning product that contains bleach. 2. demonstrate the recommended method for hand washing Face to face done 3. demonstrate ways to ensure that own health and hygiene do not pose a risk to an individual or to others at work. Face to face done Outcome 5: Be able to move and handle equipment and other objects safely 1. explain the main points of legislation that relates to moving and handling There are 2 main pieces of legislation that are relevant to moving and handling. They are the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (amended 2002). Health and Safety at Work Act 1974: This refers to all health and safety issues, not just moving and handling. It states that employers have an obligation to provide equipment, information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure as  far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of their employees. It also states that every employee must safeguard themselves and others and must co-operate with the employer. Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992: This states that manual handling should be avoided whenever possible; If it is not possible to avoid manual handling, the task should be risk assessed; Any risks that have been identified should be reduce as much as possible; Assessments should be reviewed on a regular basics; Employees must comply with policies and procedures regarding manual handling. 2. explain principles for safe moving and handling Wear appropriate footwear and clothing which allows freedom of movement. Always assess the load, task, capabilities of staff and environment (TILE) before manual handling. Always select the correct equipment or technique for the movement. Avoid manual lifting wherever possible. Remove all potentially dangerous objects. If moving a patient, teach them to participate and encourage independent movement. Stand as close to the patient as possible, and spread your feet to shoulder width. Bend your knees ( use thigh not back muscles ) and try and keep the back upright posture. Keep head up to avoid stooping, look straight ahead. Use the legs to lift the patient in a smooth motion as this offers more leverage reducing the strain on your back. Avoid twisting the body as much as possible by turning your feet to position yourself with the patient. Brace your abdominal muscles when moving and handling to help support the lumbar spine. Use the commands READY BRACE MOVE. 3. move and handle equipment and other objects safely. Outcome 6: Be able to handle hazardous substances and materials 1. describe types of hazardous substances that may be found in the work setting The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health ( COSHH ) Regulations apply to substances that have been identified as Toxic: chemicals which in very low quantities cause death or acute or chronic damage to health whn inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin; Corrosive: chemicals which on  contact withh living tissues may destroy them; Harmful: chemicals which may cause death or accute or chronic damage to health; Irritant: non-corrosive chemical which through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membranes, may cause inflammation; Explosive; chemicals that may react producing heat without atmospheric oxygen, quickly producing gases and which can detonate and explode; Oxidising: chimicals which give rise to heat producing reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances; Flammable: Extremely ( F+ ) liquids that have an extremely low flash point below 0 ºC and low boiling point equal to or below 35 ºC. Or gaseous substnces which are flammable in contact with air at ambient temperature and pressure. Highly ( F ) chemicals which may become hot and catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy. A solid which readily catches fire with minimal contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn after the source is removed. Liquids with a very low flashpoint ( equal to or less than 21 ºC ) and not classified as extremely flammable. 2. demonstrate safe practices for: †¢ storing hazardous substances †¢ using hazardous substances †¢ disposing of hazardous substances and materials. Outcome 7: Be able to promote fire safety in the work setting 1. describe practices that prevent fires from: a. starting Practices that prevent fires from starting include: the use of smoke alarms, ensuring all cigarettes have been extinguished, ensuring all unused electrical equipment is unplugged and ensuring electrical and gas appliances have been checked. b. spreading Practices that prevent fires from spreading include: Keeping fire doors closed to prevent the spread of fire, not opening windows that might make the fire spread suddenly. 2. demonstrate measures that prevent fires from starting 3. explain emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the  work setting Fire emergency procedures: Sound the alarm, then call the fire brigade, follow the evacuation plan, report to the assembly point. Help others only if safe to do so otherwise close doors behind to avoid the fire spreading, it is also important not to use the lift in a fire. All routes of evacuation, fire exits, doors, corridors and passage ways must be kept clear at all times because if a fire occurs, all means of quick escape are available. This also complies with legislation requirements. 4. ensure that clear evacuation routes are maintained at all time. Outcome 8: Be able to implement security measures in the work setting 1. demonstrate use of a greed procedures for checking the identity of anyone requesting access to: †¢ premises †¢ information 2. demonstrate use of measures to protect own security and the security of others in the work setting 3. explain the importance of ensuring that others are aware of own whereabouts. The importance of ensuring that others are aware of own whereabouts when in a care setting is that to avoid being caught in the situation or emergency cases where you don’t even know where to escape to save yourself. Also, If you know your whereabout, then you will avoid accidents that may happen since you know the place where you are, most of all, you will avoid being lost. For example, there was fire in the building and you have already left without telling anyone and you are not accounted for on the register they might assume you are still in the building, that’s why it is very important to tell about your whereabouts. Outcome 9: Know how to manage stress 1. describe common signs and indicators of stress Stress is the way that you feel when too much pressure is placed on you.   A little bit of pressure can be positive, productive and motivating, but too much pressure can lead to negative stress. When we talk about stress we are usually referring to negative stress. It is unhealthy for the mind and body. Everyone reacts differently to stress and different people can cope with different levels of stress. In many cases, too much stress often leads to physical, mental and emotional problems.

Effect of Red Bull Energy Drink

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,? 2007,? 17,? 433-444?  ©? 2007? Human? Kinetics,? Inc. Effect of Red Bull Energy Drink on Repeated Wingate Cycle Performance and Bench-Press Muscle Endurance Scott C. Forbes, Darren G. Candow, Jonathan P. Little, Charlene Magnus, and Philip D. Chilibeck The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Red Bull energy drink on Wingate cycle performance and muscle endurance.Healthy young adults (N = 15, 11 men, 4 women, 21  ± 5 y old) participated in a crossover study in which they were randomized to supplement with Red Bull (2 mg/kg body mass of caffeine) or isoenergetic, isovolumetric, noncaffeinated placebo, separated by 7 d. Muscle endurance (bench press) was assessed by the maximum number of repetitions over 3 sets (separated by 1-min rest intervals) at an intensity corresponding to 70% of baseline 1-repetition maximum. Three 30-s Wingate cycling tests (load = 0. 075 kp/kg body mass), with 2 min recover y between tests, were used to assess peak and average power output.Red Bull energy drink significantly increased total bench-press repetitions over 3 sets (Red Bull = 34  ± 9 vs. placebo = 32  ± 8, P < 0. 05) but had no effect on Wingate peak or average power (Red Bull = 701  ± 124 W vs. placebo = 700  ± 132 W, Red Bull = 479  ± 74 W vs. placebo = 471  ± 74 W, respectively). Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance but had no effect on anaerobic peak or average power during repeated Wingate cycling tests in young healthy adults. Key Words: anaerobic power, caffeine, exercise Red Bull energy drink is purported to improve some aspects of performance (i. . , reaction time, concentration, and alertness) in exercising individuals (1). The primary ergogenic ingredient in Red Bull is caffeine. Acute caffeine ingestion of 2–9 mg/kg body weight during aerobic exercise increases endurance and reduces fatigue (11, 12, 25, 37, 46). Most resear ch on caffeine ingestion has focused primarily on its effects during short-term or extended aerobic exercise (23), with numerous studies supporting an ergogenic effect from caffeine on exercise time to exhaustion (17, 22, 29, 46, 48), maximal power output (32, 37), and performance time (9, 41).The effects of caffeine ingestion on anaerobic performance (i. e. , Wingate cycle power) and muscle endurance Forbes, Little, Magnus, and Chilibeck are with the College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B2. Candow is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2. ? ? 433 434 Forbes? et? al. (i. e. , total repetitions for lifting a given resistance over multiple sets) are less evident, however. Regarding anaerobic performance, Collump et al. 16) showed that caffeine ingestion (250 mg) 1 h before 100-m freestyle swimming significantly improved performance time. In addition, caffeine ingestion (250 mg) 30 min before exercise resulted in significant improvements during a maximum-power 6-s cycle sprint against various loads (2). Greer et al. (28), however, observed no improvement in maximum force output or reduced fatigue during repeated Wingate anaerobic tests with 6 mg/kg of caffeine 1 h before exercise; Collomp et al. (15) found no improvement during a single 30-s Wingate test with 5 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min before exercise; and Crowe et al. 18) found that 6 mg/kg of caffeine given 90 min before two 60-s cycling bouts had no effect on peak power or work output. Regarding muscle endurance, Kalmar and Cafarelli (35) reported that 6 mg/kg of caffeine given 1 h before exercise significantly increased submaximal isometric-contraction time. In contrast, Beck et al. (7) and Jacobs et al. (34) found no improvement in bench-press or leg-press muscle endurance (i. e. , total repetitions of lifting a weight corresponding to 70–80% one-repetition maximum [1-RM]) 60–90 min after su bjects consumed ~2. 5–4 mg/kg of caffeine.Although it is difficult to compare results across studies, possible explanations for these inconsistent findings might include the dose of caffeine used, subject training status, timing of caffeine ingestion, habitual caffeine consumption, and exercise modality. Although the mechanisms explaining the possible ergogenic effects of caffeine remain to be elucidated, plausible theories include caffeine’s ability to act as an adenosine-receptor antagonist (18, 19, 23), increase plasma epinephrine concentrations (33, 45), enhance calcium release and reuptake from the arcoplasmic reticulum (40), and alter plasma potassium concentrations (18). These mechanisms most likely occur with larger caffeine doses, and it is unclear whether smaller doses would be as effective. Recently it was found that larger doses of caffeine might have negative health consequences such as impaired glucose tolerance (6). We therefore decided to study the effe cts of a smaller dose of caffeine (2 mg/kg) in the form of Red Bull energy drink. To date, only 1 study has examined the effects of Red Bull energy drink on anaerobic exercise performance in young adults.Alford et al. (1) found a significant increase in maximum speed during an all-out cycling test after Red Bull supplementation (80 mg caffeine). Our purpose was to determine the effects of Red Bull energy drink on a more standardized test of anaerobic performance (i. e. , Wingate cycle test) and on muscle endurance (i. e. , maximal repetitions during bench-press lifting). These tests were used to simulate the demands of sports such as ice hockey that involve repeated bursts of activity or muscle endurance of both the lower and upper body.Energy-drink consumption and caffeine supplementation are very common in this type of sport (38). We hypothesized that Red Bull supplementation would increase Wingate anaerobic peak and average power and bench-press muscle endurance. Methods Particip ants Sixteen healthy physically active participants (12 men, 4 women, 24  ± 6 y old) volunteered for the study. They participated in moderate physical activity 2 or 3 Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 435 times per week and were instructed not to change their diets or physical activity patterns before or during the study.All subjects were required to fill out a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, which screens for health problems that might present a risk with performance of physical activity (52). The study was approved by the University of Saskatchewan Biomedical Research Ethics Board for research in human subjects. Participants were informed of the risks and purposes of the study before they gave their written consent. Experimental Design The study used a double-blind repeated-measures crossover counterbalanced design in which participants were randomized to supplement with Red Bull or placebo and receive the opposite treatment 7 d later.All participant s were required to come to the laboratory on 2 occasions before the start of the study, once to determine their bench-press 1-RM strength and again 3 d later for familiarization with the experimental design by performing 3 sets of bench-press repetitions to fatigue (separated by 1-min rest intervals) at an intensity corresponding to 70% 1-RM, followed by three 30-s Wingate cycle tests (separated by 2-min rest intervals) at a load corresponding to 0. 075 kp/kg body mass (4). There was a 10-min rest period between the bench-press endurance tests and Wingate cycle tests.Three days after the familiarization trial, subjects were randomly assigned to supplement with Red Bull (2. 0 mg/kg caffeine) or placebo (noncaffeinated Mountain Dew, lemon juice, water) 60 min before performing repeated-bench-press endurance tests and Wingate cycle tests. Seven days after this initial supplementation and testing session, subjects returned to the laboratory and ingested the opposite supplement drink and performed the same exercises in the same order. They were instructed to refrain from caffeine for 48 h, physical activity for 24 h, and food and drink for 3 h before testing.The 7-d counterbalance was chosen to allow subjects adequate recovery between exercise tests. The 48 h of caffeine withdrawal before testing would be adequate because the half-life of caffeine is about 4–6 h (24). The dependent variables measured were bench-press endurance, peak power during repeated Wingate tests, and average power over 3 Wingate tests. Physical activity level and habitual caffeine consumption were recorded before the study through the questionnaire. The exercise tests were chosen to simulate sports that involve repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, such as ice hockey.For example, the 30-s Wingate tests with 2 min rest between tests simulate the work-to-rest ratio of typical hockey shifts. Time–motion analyses indicate skating times of 30–40 s between rest intervals of either whistle stops or time on the bench. Whistle stops last about 27 s, whereas time on the bench is about 227 s, for an average rest interval of about 2 min (27, 47). The bench-press test simulates upper body work during ice hockey, such as occurs during corner play and occasionally fighting (26).A caffeine-containing supplement is ideal to evaluate for this type of sport because caffeine-containing supplements are the most popular type of supplement ingested by ice hockey players (38). 436 Forbes? et? al. Supplementation Red Bull and the placebo were identical in caloric content, volume, and taste. Supplements were provided to each participant 60 min before exercise in an opaque water bottle and consumed in the presence of a researcher. Sixty minutes was chosen because this is the approximate time it takes for caffeine concentration to reach its peak after oral ingestion (23). The caffeine dose of 2. mg/kg was chosen because it is an approximate amount shown to increase muscl e performance (7) and reduce fatigue in young healthy adults, higher doses might be associated with impaired glucose tolerance (6), it is the maximal daily dose of commercial energy drinks considered safe by Health Canada (30), and this dose allowed our heaviest subjects to consume approximately 2 cans of Red Bull, which is the maximal amount recommended on the Red Bull label. Ingredients in the Red Bull energy drink are shown in Table 1. Muscle Strength and Endurance The procedures for determining bench-press 1-RM have previously been described (13).All bench-press testing was done on a bench-press machine (Lever chest-press machine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). Reproducibility of our 1-RM test, expressed as a coefficient of variation, was 1. 9% (14). For bench-press muscle endurance, participants performed 3 sets of bench-press repetitions to volitional fatigue, separated by 1-min rest intervals, at an intensity corresponding to 70% 1-RM. Reproducibility of the bench-press endurance tes t was assessed by testing 15 subjects 3 d apart. The coefficient of variation was 1. 5%. Anaerobic Power Peak power and average power were assessed using repeated Wingate cycleergometer tests.Blood lactate concentration was measured at rest, immediately after each Wingate cycle test, and 2 min postexercise using an automated lactate analyzer (Accutrend Lactate, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Ten minutes after the bench-press endurance test, each subject was positioned on the Wingate cycle ergometer, and seat height, handlebar Table 1 Red Bull Energy-Drink Ingredients Ingredient Sugar Caffeine Taurine Glucuronolactone Niacin Pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 Riboflavin Vitamin B12 Amount (per kg body mass) 0. 65 g/kg 2. 0 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 15 mg/kg 0. 45 mg/kg 0. 15 mg/kg 0. 5 mg/kg 0. 04 mg/kg 0. 025  µg/kg Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 437 height and position, and toe straps were adjusted based on the settin gs determined during the familiarization trial. Subjects were instructed to cycle at a slow pace against zero resistance for 5 min. Five seconds before data collection, they were instructed to pedal at maximal rate to ensure optimal power and force production at the beginning of the test and to continue cycling at a maximal speed for the duration of the 30-s test at a load corresponding to 7. 5% of their body mass (4). Subjects were verbally encouraged throughout the test.This procedure was repeated for 3 tests, with 2 min of active rest against zero load between tests. Reproducibility of peak and average power was determined by testing 10 subjects 3 d apart. The coefficients of variation were 4. 1% for peak power and 3. 6% for average power. Statistical Analyses A 2 (caffeine-consuming subjects vs. caffeine-naive subjects) ? 2 (supplement: Red Bull vs. placebo) ? 3 (exercise sets) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last 2 factors was used to assess differences between conditions f or benchpress repetitions and for peak and average power during the Wingate tests. A 2 (caffeine-consuming subjects vs. affeine naive subjects) ? 2 (supplement: Red Bull vs. placebo) ? 5 (blood lactate at 5 time points) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last 2 factors was used to assess changes in blood lactate concentration. To determine whether 1 familiarization trial was adequate to eliminate any effects of learning over time, we ran a 3 (set) ? 2 (time) repeatedmeasures ANOVA to determine whether there were differences across sets for Wingate tests and bench-press tests between the familiarization and placebo trials. Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to determine differences between means. Statistical significance was set at P ? 0. 05.All results are expressed as mean  ± standard deviation. Statistical analyses were carried out using Statistica, version 5. 0 (StatsSoft Inc. , Chicago). Results Of the original 16 subjects who volunteered, 15 completed the study. One mal e subject withdrew because of time constraints. Seven subjects were correct in perceiving that they were ingesting Red Bull or placebo, with the remaining subjects unsure. Before testing, 8 subjects were caffeine naive, 4 reported consuming 200 mg/d. There were no side effects reported from the exercise testing, Red Bull energy drink, or placebo.There were no time main effects or set ? time interactions between the familiarization trial and the placebo trial, indicating that the familiarization trial was adequate to eliminate any learning effects. Subjects who regularly consumed caffeine did not differ from caffeine-naive subjects for any of the tests or for their responses to Red Bull versus placebo (i. e. , there were no group ? supplement interactions). There was a supplement main effect for bench-press endurance, whereby the number of repetitions over the 3 sets was greater in the Red Bull condition than with placebo (Red Bull = 34  ± 9 vs. lacebo = 32  ± 8 repetitions over the 3 sets, P = 0. 031; Figure 1). There was a set main effect for bench-press endurance, Wingate peak power (Figure 2), and Wingate average power (Figure 3); that is, performance dropped across sets as 438 Forbes? et? al. would be expected (P < 0. 05). There were no differences between Red Bull and placebo for performance across sets during the Wingate tests (peak and average power: Red Bull = 701  ± 124 W vs. placebo = 700  ± 132 W and Red Bull = 479  ± 74 W vs. placebo = 471  ± 74 W), and there were no supplement ? et interactions for any of the exercise tests (Figures 2 and 3). There was a time main effect for blood lactate (mmol/L) during repeated Wingate tests (P < 0. 01; baseline: Red Bull: 4. 2  ± 1. 3 vs. placebo 3. 6  ± 1. 0; after test 1: Red Bull 7. 4  ± 2. 4 vs. placebo 6. 6  ± 1. 8; after Test 2: Red Bull 9. 0  ± 2. 9 vs. placebo 8. 9  ± 3. 4; after Test 3: Red Bull 9. 3  ± 4. 2 vs. placebo 8. 1  ± 4. 7; and 2 min postexercise: Red Bull 9. 2  ± 3. 0 vs. placebo 7. 9  ± 2. 4), with no differences between Red Bull and placebo (Figure 4). Post hoc analyses indicated that blood Total repetitions over 3 sets of bench press 5 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Red Bull placebo * Figure 1 — Bench-press repetitions across sets, mean  ± standard deviation. Units are repetition number. Repetition number was determined as the total number of repetitions over 3 sets of bench-press exercise at 70% of 1-repetition maximum, 1 min of rest between sets. *Number of repetitions performed during the Red Bull condition was greater than the number of repetitions performed during the placebo condition (P = 0. 031). 850 Red Bull placebo Wingate peak power (W) 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 Set 1 Set 2Set 3 Figure 2 — Wingate peak power across sets, mean  ± standard deviation. Peak power was determined by the highest power output during each of 3 sets of 30-s Wingate tests, with 2 min of rest between tests. There were no differenc es between Red Bull and placebo conditions. There was a main effect for set, with Set 1 higher than Set 2 (P = 0. 021) and Set 2 higher than Set 3 (P < 0. 01). Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 439 700 Wingate average power (W) 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 Set 1 Set 2 Red Bull placebo Set 3Figure 3 — Wingate average power across sets, mean  ± standard deviation. Average power was determined during each of 3 sets of 30-s Wingate tests, with 2 min of rest between tests. There was a set main effect, with Set 1 higher than Set 2 (P < 0. 01) and Set 2 higher than Set 3 (P < 0. 01). 14 12 Red Bull placebo Lactate (mMol/L) 10 8 6 4 2 0 baseline after Set 1 after Set 2 after Set 3 2 min post Figure 4 — Blood lactate concentration before and after each set of 30-s Wingate tests (separated by 2 min of recovery) and 2 min postexercise, mean  ± standard deviation.Blood lactate values were determined from fingertip blood samples. There was a set mai n effect for lactate (P < 0. 01). Blood lactate concentration increased from baseline to after Set 1 (P < 0. 01) and from after Set 1 to after Set 2 (P = 0. 016). Lactate values after Set 2 were similar to lactate values after Set 3 and 2 min after Set 3. lactate concentration was elevated above baseline after each Wingate test and at 2 min after the last Wingate test (all P < 0. 01). Blood lactate concentration increased from baseline to after Test 1 (P < 0. 01) and from after Test 1 to after Test 2 (P = 0. 16). Lactate values after Test 2 were similar those after Test 3 and 2 min after Test 3. Discussion This is the first study to investigate the effects of Red Bull energy drink on upper body muscle endurance and anaerobic cycle performance in young adults. Results 440 Forbes? et? al. showed that Red Bull energy drink significantly increased total bench-press repetitions over 3 sets compared with placebo but had no significant effect on peak or average power or blood lactate conce ntration during repeated Wingate cycling tests. The main active ingredient in Red Bull energy drink is caffeine.Although the mechanisms explaining the ergogenic effects of caffeine are not fully known, plausible theories include the antagonism of adenosine receptors (18, 23, 42) leading to an increase in central-nervous-system activation (54) and plasma epinephrine concentrations (45), enhanced calcium release and reuptake from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (40) affecting skeletal-muscle excitation–contraction coupling (42), and the alteration of plasma potassium concentrations (18, 39). Caffeine has been shown to reduce plasma potassium levels compared with placebo during exercise (39).The increased intracellular potassium concentration coupled with lower extracellular potassium might help maintain membrane contractility during exercise (39). Our results of a greater increase in bench-press repetitions over 3 sets from Red Bull ingestion (2. 0 mg/kg), but no single set effect, expand the findings of Beck et al. (7), who found no effect of a caffeine-containing supplement (2. 4 mg/kg) on single-set bench-press repetitions. For the present study, bench-press muscle endurance was assessed by the total number of repetitions over 3 sets at 70% 1-RM separated by 1-min rest intervals.In contrast, participants in the Beck et al. (7) study performed a single set of bench-press repetitions at 80% 1-RM. Differences in supplement composition, study design (crossover vs. cross-sectional), and gender might also explain these different results. In addition, we cannot conclude with certainty that the greater increase in bench-press repetitions from Red Bull energy drink is a result solely of caffeine, because Red Bull contains other ingredients (see Table 1) such as carnitine, B vitamins, and taurine.The effectiveness of carnitine is controversial, with most studies showing no benefit but some showing a benefit for increased fat metabolism and enhanced recovery from exer cise stress (for reviews, see 10 and 36). These ergogenic effects might help during aerobic endurance exercise; however, it is doubtful that a benefit would be provided by acute supplementation before high-intensity exercise. Carnitine supplementation has no effect on high-intensity exercise performance (i. e. five 90-m swims separated by 2-min rest intervals) (53) or metabolic response to high-intensity exercise (i. e. , five 1-min cycle sprints separated by 2-min rest intervals) (5). The B vitamins are important for chronic adaptation to exercise training but most likely would have minimal influence when taken before an acute exercise session (55). Although carnitine and the B vitamins might not be ergogenic for the exercise tests used in the current study, taurine might exhibit beneficial effects.Taurine, a sulfonic amino acid found primarily in skeletal muscle (31, 44), has been shown to increase force production in skinned muscle fibers in a rodent model (3), possibly through i ncreased calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and increased calcium sensitivity for excitation–contraction coupling. Others have suggested that taurine might exhibit protective effects against cellular stress such as exercise by acting as a free-radical scavenger (49).In humans, taurine supplementation (6 g/d) significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion, VO2max, and maximal workload during cycle-ergometer exercise (56). Nonetheless, the amount of taurine administered before exercise in the current study was relatively low, ranging from 1 to 2 g. Therefore, it is doubtful that it would have significantly affected performance. Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? Performance? ? 441 Red Bull energy drink had no effect on anaerobic power measures. These findings support those of Beck et al. 7), who found no effect from a caffeine-containing supplement on peak or average power output in young adults. Although it is unclear why these caffeine-containing supplemen ts had no greater effect on anaerobic power output compared with the findings of others (2, 16), possible explanations might include the caffeine dose used, caffeine habituation, and individual training status. The caffeine dose used in the current study (2. 0 mg/kg) and that of Beck et al. (7) of 2. 4 mg/kg might have been too low to observe an ergogenic effect on anaerobic-power measures.Regarding caffeine habituation, most subjects in the current study were caffeine naive; however, 7 of 15 subjects were caffeine users, with 4 consuming 200 mg caffeine per day. The Red Bull energy drink provided approximately an additional 150 mg caffeine. One previous study suggested that caffeine might not be ergogenic in habitual caffeine consumers as a result of caffeine saturation (50). Several studies have shown, however, that habitual caffeine intake does not affect the ergogenic benefits of caffeine (8, 20, 21, 43, 51).In agreement with these studies, we did not find any differences in res ponse to the Red Bull energy drink between caffeineconsuming subjects and caffeine-naive subjects. Finally, in examining the effects of caffeine ingestion on anaerobic performance in trained and untrained swimmers, Collump et al. (16) observed a decrease in 100-m swim time in the trained swimmers but no effect in the untrained swimmers. We suggest that the variations in subject training status might explain the lack of consistency across studies. Most studies that report positive effects from caffeine on naerobic exercise have used well-trained subjects (16, 20). The results of the current study suggest that moderately active individuals experience no anaerobic benefit from caffeine through Red Bull energy-drink ingestion. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that Red Bull energy drink increases upper body muscle endurance but has no effect on Wingate anaerobic power. Red Bull energy drink is commonly ingested in the hope that it will increase exercise performance. These findings suggest that it might be effective for individuals who perform repeated upper body exercise.Future research is needed to determine whether this increase in upper body muscle endurance will translate into improved performance in sports involving upper body muscle work. References 1. Alford, C. , H. Cox, and R. Wescott. The effects of Red Bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids. 21:139-150, 2000. 2. Anselme, F. , K. Collump, B. Mercier, S. Ahmaidi, and C. Prefaut. Caffeine increases maxim anaerobic power and blood lactate concentration. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 65:188191, 1992. 3. Bakker, A. J. , and H. M. Berg.The effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and contractile properties in skinned skeletal muscle fibers of the rat. J. Physiol. 538:185-194, 2002. 4. Bar-Or, O. The Wingate anaerobic test: an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 4:381-394, 1987. 5. Barnett, C. , D. L. Costill, M. D. Vukovich, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation during high-intensity sprint cycling. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4:280-288, 1994. 442 Forbes? et? al. 6. Battram, D. S. , R. Arthur, A. Weekes, and T.E. Graham. The glucose intolerance induced by caffeinated coffee ingestion is less pronounced than that due to alkaloid caffeine in men. J. Nutr. 136:1276-1280, 2006. 7. Beck, T. W. , T. J. Housh, R. J. Schmidt, et al. The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20:506-510, 2006. 8. Bell, D. G. , I. Jacobs, and K. Ellerington. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:1399-1403, 2001. 9. Berglund, B. , and P. Hemmingsson.Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance at low and high altitudes in cross-country skiing. Int. J. Sports Med. 3:234-236, 1982. 10. Brass, E. P. Carnitine and spor ts medicine: use or abuse? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1033:6778, 2004. 11. Bruce, C. R. , M. E. Anderson, S. F. Fraser, et al. Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32:1958-1963, 2000. 12. Cadarette, B. S. , L. Levine, and C. L. Berube. Effects of varied dosages of caffeine on endurance exercise to fatigue. In: Biochemistry of Exercise (13th ed. International series of sport sciences), H. G. Knuttgen, J. A. Vogel, and J. Poortmans (Eds). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1982, pp. 871-876. 13. Candow, D. G. , N. C. Burke, T. Smith-Palmer, and D. G Burke. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 16:233-244, 2006. 14. Candow, D. G. , P. D. Chilibeck, D. G. Burke, K. S. Davison, and T. S. Palmer. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:142-149, 2001. 15. Collomp, K. , S. Ahmaidi, M. Audran, J. L. Chanal, and C. Prefaut. Effects of caffeine ingestion on performance and anaerobic metabolism during the Wingate test. Int. J. Sports Med. 12:439-443, 1991. 16. Collump, K. , S. Ahmaidi, J. C. Chatard, M. Audran, and C. Prefaut. Benefits of caffeine ingestion on sprint performance in trained and untrained swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 64:377-380, 1992. 17. Costill, D. L. , G. P. Dalsky, and W. J. Fink. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med. Sci. Sports. 10:155-158, 1978. 18. Crowe, M. J. , A. S. Leicht, and W. L. Spinks.Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high intensity exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 16:528-544, 2006. 19. Cureton, K. J. , G. L. Warren, M. L. Millard-Stafford, J. E. Wingo, J. Trilk, and M. Buyckx. Caffeinated sports drink: ergogenic effects and possible mechanisms. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 17:35-55, 2007. 20. Doherty, M. The effects of caffeine on the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and short-term running performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8:95-104, 1998. 21. Doherty, M. , P. M. Smith, M. G. Hughes, and R. C. Davison. Caffeine lowers erceptual response and increases power output in high-intensity cycling. J. Sports Sci. 22:637643, 2004. 22. Flinn, S. , J. Gregory, L. R. McNaughton, S. Tristram, and P. Davies. Caffeine ingestion prior to incremental cycling to exhaustion in recreational cyclists. Int. J. Sports Med. 11:188-193, 1990. 23. Graham, T. E. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med. 31:785-807, 2001. 24. Graham, T. E. Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(Suppl. ):S103-S119, 2001. 25. Graham, T. E. , and L. L. Spriet.Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J. Appl. Physiol. 78:867-874, 1995. Effect? of? Red? Bull? on? Athletic? 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Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on enduranc e performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1:6-11, 1979. 33. Jackman, M. , P. Wendling, D. Friars, and T. E. Graham. Metabolic catecholamine, and endurance responses to caffeine during intense exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:1658-1663, 1996. 34. Jacobs, I. , H. Pasternak, and D. G. Bell. Effects of ephedrine, caffeine, and their combination on muscular endurance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35:987-994, 2003. 35. Kalmar, J. M. , and E. Cafarelli. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J. Appl. Physiol. 87:801-808, 1999. 36. Karlic, H. , and A. Lohninger. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense? Nutrition. 0:709-715, 2004. 37. Kovacs, E. M. R. , J. H. C. H. Stegen, and F. Brouns. Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:709-715, 1998. 38. Kristiansen, M. , R. Levy-Milne, S. Barr, and A. Flint. 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What the future MBA program really needs Essay Example

What the future MBA program really needs Essay Example What the future MBA program really needs Essay What the future MBA program really needs Essay The Dean of Haas School of Business at the University in California, Richard Lyons, predicts that in the near future, in the next 5 or 10 years, business schools will face running out of business because of the huge number of online business programs. The advancements of the technology are increasing and this will transform the business workforce. Everyone predicts that many workplaces might be replaced by new, modern robots and some modern machines made by the Artificial Intelligence agencies. This means that the number of human workforce will be decreased. One recent study made by professors from the Oxford University showed that around 47% of the employees in the US are at really high risk of losing their jobs by the technology inventions. Around 19% can find themselves at a medium risk. This gives a number of 66% of the US employees being at a low or a high risk of losing their job and being replaced by technology. The study also shows that if this happens, the activities in which humans will remain being better than the machines, will be ones including moral judgment, social and emotional intelligence, innovative thinking, critical complex thinking and a lot of creativity. Knowing this will happen in the near future, academics ask themselves whether the MBA programs offer enough developing activities and teaching skills. The teaching and learning of emotional and cognitive skills is hard. Neuroscience researches, researches in psychology of education and behavioural economics have shown that people are not born naturally as innovative and critical thinkers. People are only reflexive, efficient and fast thinkers. Many of the MBA programs miss the teaching of gaining social and emotional intelligence. This development of the MBA candidate to think and act critically and cognitively will make the students to develop emotions, empathy, mindfulness and humility. These skills are not received by birth, these skills need to be learned. This means the student will have to make a great effort, do a lot of hard work, mentoring hours and a huge developmental action. These requirements will probably need big innovations in the MBA programs. Since this is true, indeed, then the MBA programs in the future will get a lot of changes and transformations. Most probably, the usual MBA programs will receive more transformations than the online MBA programs, but still, the MBA business programs will definitely be changed.

5 Techniques to Become Fluent in Italian

5 Techniques to Become Fluent in Italian There are a number of academic papers and tips from expert language learners that will help you become fluent in Italian, but you might be surprised to know that while those techniques are great, its really daily commitment that seals the deal on the way to fluency. As you go about your daily studies though, there are five techniques that will help you get ahead  as a student of Italian. 5 Techniques to Become Fluent in Italian 1.) Passively watching or listening doesn’t cut it as practicing the language There is a vast difference between actively listening and benefiting from something in a foreign language and passively listening to it while ironing your button-downs or driving to work. When you listen to something in a foreign language,  like a podcast, you need to have one sole purpose for doing so. For example, if you’re looking to improve your pronunciation,  focus on the way the speakers are pronouncing words, where they pause, and where they put the emphasis. This way you are able to focus on one area and make more progress within it. And speaking of pronunciation†¦ 2.) Rushing through the pronunciation sections of each course is detrimental Pronunciation IS important and taking the time to understand the correct way to say things helps you understand the spoken language and feel more confident when you start producing the language on your own. If you travel to Italy and and start a conversation, an Italian person is more likely to feel comfortable speaking to you and will continue in Italian if she or he can hear that your pronunciation is clear.   Plus, there are added side effects of helping you with sentence structure, grammar and vocabulary. 3.) Dont sip  the immersion Kool-Aid that being in the country is  going to vastly improve your language ability The truth is that  going to Italy at a beginner level  is  lovely, but not as beneficial as if you were  at an intermediate level. At an intermediate level, your capacity to notice details, pick up on patterns within the language, and remember more of what you hear around you expands. Studies have shown that going as a beginner is too soon and that you’re too far along if you go at an advanced level. You’ll make the most progress as an intermediate learner. Im not suggesting that you shouldnt go to Italy as a beginner, but what I am trying to say is that youll have the best experience if you manage your expectations beforehand. 4.) Know how to work with a dictionary Katà ³ Lomb, a Hungarian polyglot, claims that dependence on dictionaries can cripple your ability to produce language on your own. I would agree with her and elaborate that it cripples your trust in yourself. Every time you choose to run to a dictionary instead of giving the word you know you’ve learned thought, you tell yourself that the dictionary is more reliable than what you’ve stored. Don’t do that. You can’t run to dictionaries in live conversations, so learn to trust and rely on yourself while using a dictionary as what it’s meant to be – a study aid. If you want to use something on a regular, the best method would be digital spaced-time repetition flash cards. 5.) Roadblocks are going to plop themselves in your way as if they owned the place Time will  take a vacation and leave you wondering where it went, money will be tight and limit how many classes you  can pay for, and family or school or Netflix will demand your attention. What I want you to do is to  anticipate the roadblocks and plan ways around them. When you don’t, they have a tendency to run your life and will leave you at the airport at the end of another trip wondering why you’re stuck at exactly the same place you were the year before. Youll find that youre more creative in solving problems with your studies before they happen than you realized. Buono studio!

New Media in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Media in China - Essay Example (Ditong, 2009). This was unexpected of China. As in the past, Chinese media had never broadcasted instantly news related to natural disasters without the consultation and direction from the Chinese Government. But this was the first time it had behaved differently. In the 1980’s reporting of such disasters was not allowed as it was considered not to be in the best interest of China. It was thought that reporting such events would harm the country’s good reputation. With time, China’s perspective regarding the broadcasting of news related to natural disasters changed to becoming more open and less introvert. And now reporting such events is no longer a politically sensitive issue. This was an example of one medium change among the different forms of Chinese media with the passage of time. All Chinese media experienced similar change as the world advanced. History: Traditional Media to New Media in China With the change of dynasties and rulers, China experienced ev olutionary changes in its media reforms. Starting from the 1956, it was the first time that a Chinese computer scientist edited the article on computer theory. In the year 1978, Den Xiaoping, the Time Magazine person of the year, became the ruler of China and he brought a transition from planned to a market economy and also the existing Chinese television channel kept its name as CCTV. In 1979, a first advertisement of a toothpaste was published in Tianjin Daily and a first TV commercial was broadcasted. Furthermore, the â€Å"Stars†, a group of artists, made artwork that was not acceptable by the Chinese authority, so they were never allowed to display their works. However, they displayed their portraits outside the Chinese Art Gallery shocking the citizens of China who were culture oriented and the paintings for away from their culture. In 1980, the first woman’s magazine was published on July 1 talking about women’s health, fashion and beauty related issues. In 1982, the Chinese Government declared the Advertisement Management Temporary Regulations. These regulations were not like forced laws and their purpose was to support the advertisement industry and make them progress. Western rock music was discussed for the first time in 1983 in a Chinese magazine called the New Observer (translated). Reforms were introduced by the Chinese Government in that year which decentralized the television and radio broadcasting units to some extent. In 1984, when the Kong Fu television series started airing, the tv series from other countries also began being broadcasted which included the Mexican, Brazilian and Japanese serials. Furthermore, an overseas magazine got published on contract with the New York Magazine. In 1986, many extraordinary changes took place. A global advertising company established its office in China. Secondly, a first email is sent from one Chinese scientist to another living in Switzerland. After another ten years, the internet became available to the common public. In June 1989, China was experiencing an internal conflict which was later named Tiananmen Square Massacre by the West. This conflict was broadcasted live by the CNN in Beijing. For the first time, an internal conflict of China came to be watched by millions of people in the world. However; the government fired two of the CCTV representatives who had participated in that live broadcast. In 1994, an English language newspaper in China created its website which also published foreign news in its content which was

South Africa Apartheid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

South Africa Apartheid - Essay Example "the doctrine of Marxian socialism" is one "which aims at the establishment of a despotic system of government" and "which aims at bringing about any political, industrial, social, or economic change within the Union by the promotion of disturbance or disorder, by unlawful acts or omissions or by the threat of such acts or omissions or by means which include the promotion of disturbance or disorder, or such acts or omissions or threats."4 Besides outlawing the Communist Party, the Act authorized the outlawing of "any other organization . . . which engaged in activities calculated to further the achievement of any of the objects of Communism."5 The end of 1950s marked a difficult period for the ANC. The South African government stepped up banning and imprisonment to restrict action and protest. In a long, drawn-out trial set up by the government, many Congress leaders were charged with treason. Although the trial ended with acquittals for all who had been charged, it used up many of the resources of the Congress in terms of money and lawyers, and diverted the Congress from its principal mission. Before the massacre, On March 18, Sobukwe called a press conference, announcing that two weeks earlier he had written Lutuli, inviting the ANC to join in the campaign under the banner "service, sacrifice, suffering." 6 On March 20, 1960, Sobukwe announced a national 'anti-pass" campaign to be held on March 21, 1960, in which his followers were to surrender themselves at police stations without passes under the slogan "no bail, no defense, no fines." It was hoped that by insisting on arrest, the defiers would clog the jails, halt industry by their absence as workers, and thus force the government to accede to their demands. The leaders were to be in the... Besides outlawing the Communist Party, the Act authorized the outlawing of "any other organization . . . which engaged in activities calculated to further the achievement of any of the objects of Communism." The end of 1950s marked a difficult period for the ANC. The South African government stepped up banning and imprisonment to restrict action and protest. In a long, drawn-out trial set up by the government, many Congress leaders were charged with treason. Although the trial ended with acquittals for all who had been charged, it used up many of the resources of the Congress in terms of money and lawyers, and diverted the Congress from its principal mission. Before the massacre, On March 18, Sobukwe called a press conference, announcing that two weeks earlier he had written Lutuli, inviting the ANC to join in the campaign under the banner "service, sacrifice, suffering." On March 20, 1960, Sobukwe announced a national ‘anti-pass† campaign to be held on March 21, 1960, in which his followers were to surrender themselves at police stations without passes under the slogan "no bail, no defense, no fines." It was hoped that by insisting on arrest, the defiers would clog the jails, halt industry by their absence as workers, and thus force the government to accede to their demands. The leaders were to be in the forefront, inspiring the masses by their example of sacrifice. The PAC felt that the ANC's leaders had hung back at critical times, when the masses were prepared to forge ahead .